Rabbinic Judaism, Zech. 4:7 & Messiah the Great Mountain
Table of Contents
I share here some of what the rabbis have written in respect to the great mountain mentioned in Zechariah 4:7. According to the rabbinic interpretation this great mountain is supposed to be the King Messiah. They even connect this text with passages such as Gen. 49:8-12, Isa. 11:1-10, 25:8, 52:7, 13, Dan. 2:34-35, 44-45 and 7:13-14. All emphasis will be mine.
Metzudat David on Zechariah 4:7
ืื ืืชื ืืจ ืืืืื. ืขื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืืืืืณ ืจืดื ืื ืื ืืฉ ืื ืืชืืฉืื ืฉืืชื ืืจ ืืืื ืืขืืื ืืคื ื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืจ ืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืชืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืงื ืืขืืืจ ืจืดื ืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืขืื ืื ืขืดื:
Who are you, O great mountain. Regarding the king Gog it is said, โWho are you,โ etc., meaning: what power do you have? Do you think that you are a great mountain to stand before the Messiah so that he will not be able to pass? Not so, for before him you will be like level ground and he will pass easily, meaning there will be no power in you to obstruct anything through it.
ืืืืฆืื. ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฆืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืกืื ืื ืื ืืืช ืืขืชืื:
And he brought out. The King Messiah will bring out the precious and important stone to place it in the foundation of the building of the future House:
Rabbeinu Bahya, Bereshit 49:9
ืืืชืื ืืคืจืฉ ืื ืืคืจืฉื ืืืืช ืืคืฉืืื ืชืืืจ ืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืื ืืขืงื ืืชืจืืื ืืฉื ื ืืืฉืืืื ืืขืชืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื.
It is also possible to explain this entire paragraph in which Yaakov blesses Yehudah without reading anything between the lines. Yaakov alluded to two redeemers, both in the distant future. The first one is David, son of Yishai. The second one is David reincarnated as the Messiah.
ืืืคื ืืขืชื ืืื ื ืืชืื ืืืจืืช ืืืืื ืฉืืฉื ืคืกืืงืื ืงืืื ืฉืืชืืื ืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืจืฆื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืฉืื ืชืืฆื ืื ืืืชืจ ืืฉืืืื ืฉืืืืืจ ืฉืื ืฉื ืืื ืืื ืคืขืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืื ืฉืืืืืจื ื' ืคืขืืื ืืื ืืจืืื ืขื ืฉืืฉืชื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืงื ืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืื. ืืคืกืืง ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืชื ืืืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืขืงื ืฉืืจื ืืชื ืืืืืจื ืืื ืงืืช ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืฉืจืจื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืคื' ืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฆืจื ืืืืืืจ ืื ืืฉืื ืืชื. ืืคืกืืง ืืฉื ื ืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืชื ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืจืข ืืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืื ืขื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืขืฉื ืืจืื. ืืืืจ ืืืจืฃ ืื ื ืขืืืช ืฉื ืฆื ืืืจืฃ ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืฃ ืืืจืื. ืืจืข ืจืืฅ ืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ื ืืืฉ ืชืืช ืืคื ื ืืชืืช ืชืื ืชื. ืืฉืืืฉื ืื ืืกืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืืืจืื. ืืื ืฉืืืจ ืขื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืืืืฆื ืืืจืขื. ืืืขื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืขืงื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืฉื ืืืจื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื (ืืืจืื ืื) ืืืฉืืืชื ืืืืฆืืช ืืืื ืจืืืื. ืืชืืกืคืช ื"ื ืฉืืืืช ืฉืืื ืจืื ืื"ื ืืืจืื ื ืฉืืฉื ืืืื ืืชื ืฉื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืฉื ืฉืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืฉืื, ืขืืื ืจืื ืื ืืื ืข"ื ืืืฉื ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืชืื (ืืฉืขืื ืื) ืื ืื ืขืืื ืจืื ื' ืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืจืื ืขืฆื ืืืืืจื ืจืื ืืขืช ืืืจืืช ื' ืืืจืืื ืืืจืืช ื'. ืฉืืจื ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืคืข ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืขืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืกืื. ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืชืื ืฉืื ืชืคืกืง ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืขื ืืฉืืื ืฉืืื.
I believe the very fact that the Torah devotes three separate verses to Yehudahโs blessing before mentioning the excellence of the territory Yehudah would inherit in the land of Israel (verses 11-12) supports this line of interpretation. In each of the three verses 8-10 Yehudah is mentioned by name; (something most unusual, something that does not occur in connection with any of the other sons).
The reason that the name of Yehudah appears on three separate occasions in his blessing is that the blessing refers to three distinct periods of Jewish history. The Torah refers to Yehudah, son of Yaakov. Then it refers to King David. Finally, it refers to King Messiah. The first verse in which Yaakov says that his brothers will acknowledge Yehudah refers to his biological son Yehudah. In that verse Yaakov blesses his son by granting him ืืืืจื, both spiritual and physical strength, the ability to lead his brothers in warfare as well as the authority needed to be a leader. To make certain we understand this, Yaakov addressed Yehudah by saying to him: ืืชื, โyou.โ. The second verse, where Yaakov speaks of Yehudah as ืืืจ ืืจืื, a lion cub, he refers to King David. The reason he calls him โYehudahโ in that verse is because David is descended from Yehudah. He refers to him as ืืืจ, โa cub,โ i.e. not fully matured, as at the time when Samuel anointed David, Saul was still the effective King over Israel. David qualified for the description ืืจืื, โlionโ only after Saul had died. The words ืืืจืฃ ืื ื ืขืืืช โyou arose from the prey my son,โ is a reference to David having been saved from Saulโs persecution of him The words ืืจืข ืจืืฅ ืืืจืื, โhe crouched and lay down like a lion,โ refer to the time of Solomon, Davidโs son, when each and every Israelite is described as securely resting โunder his grapevine and under his fig treeโ (Kings I 5,5). Finally, the third verse, in which Yaakov says ืื ืืกืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืืื, โthe scepter will not depart from Yehudah,โ is a reference to Israelโs final redeemer the King Messiah. This is why Yaakov said ืขื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื, โuntil โShilohโ arrives, i.e. a โsonโ of David [descendent, reincarnate]. The reason Yaakov described the final redeemer as โShilohโ instead of as a son (descendant) of Yehudah is that he wanted to make sure we understand that this final redeemer would be a human being in the full sense of the word, i.e. born ืืฉืืืช ืืฉื, โby woman including her afterbirth.โ [Clearly the author wants to dispel the Christian concept of the Messiah being the โson of God.โ Ed.] The letter ื at the end of the word ืฉืืื is a reference to the last letter in Gโdโs Ineffable Name ื-ื-ื-ื, a certain attribute of Gโd. We have discussed this on numerous occasions. This โletterโ is also known in kabbalistic jargon as ืืชื ืฉื ืืืจืื, โthe โdaughterโ of Avraham,โ the one married to King Solomon, the one who represents the foremost attribute of the Messiah. Concerning this attribute the prophet uses five separate expressions in Isaiah 11,2-3: โThe spirit of the Lord shall alight upon him: a spirit of wisdom and insight; a spirit of counsel and valour; a spirit of devotion and reverence for the Lord. He shall sense the truth by his reverence for the Lord.โ In his time โthe land shall be filled with knowledge of the Lord as waters covers the seaโ (verse 9).
The meaning of our verse then is: โonce Shiloh=the Messiah has arrived, the kingship will never again depart from this descendent of Yehudah.โ
ืืืืืจืฉ ืฉืืื ืฉื ืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืขืช ืืื ืงืืืก ืฉืืื ืฉืืืืืืช ืฉืื. ืืคืืจืฉ ืืจื ืืืจื ืจืื ืฉืืื ื"ื ืื ืืืช ืขื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืข"ื ืื ืืืขื ืืขื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืื ื ื ื ืืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืชืจืืื ืืื ืงืืืก ืขื ืขืืื ืืชืจืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืืชืจืื ืขื ืืืืชื ืืฉืืื ืืืขื. ืืขื ืื ืืืชืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืชืคืกืง ืืืืืืช ืืืืืื. ืืขื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื (ืื ืืื ื) ืื ืืขืืืื ืื ืชืชืืื.
According to a Midrash quoted by Rashi, the word ืฉืืื is a composition of the words ืฉื ืื, โat that time people will bring gifts to himโ (the Messiah). According to Onkelos the meaning of the word ืฉืืื is ืฉืืืืืืช ืฉืื, โthe kingdom belongs to him.โ In this connection my own teacher Rabbi Shlomoh Adret explained that the word ืขื in this instance means the same as ืืขื, โforever.โ This is to teach that the word ืขื does not belong to the expression ืื ืืื ืฉืืื. This explains why Onkelos translated it as โforever.โ Onkelos translated the word ืื ืืื ืฉืืื as ืืืืชื ืืฉืืื, โwhen the redeemer arrives.โ Anyone who translates the sequence as โuntil the Messiah arrivesโ is in error. The whole message is that once the Messiah arrives the kingship will not depart anymore from Yehudah forever.
We find confirmation of this theme in Daniel 2,44: โIn the days of these kingdoms the Gโd of heaven will establish a kingdom that will never be harmed nor will its sovereignty be left to another people; it will crumble and consume all these kingdoms and it will stand forever.โSeeing that the Christians have used this very verse to prove their theory that the Messiah (in the form of Jesus) has already arrived by interpreting our verse that the rule of Yehudah would last only until the advent of the Messiah, my teacher responded to them that, on the contrary, Yaakov stated and Daniel predicted that the kingship of Yehudah once it commences will endure forever Seeing this is not the case in our time, this is proof that the Messiah has not come until now...
ืืชืืฆื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืจืื ืืคืกืืง ืคืกื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืงื"ื ืืืื ืืฉื ืฉื ืชืช ื ืคืฉื ืขืืืื ืืขืื"ื ืืฃ ืืขืชืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืชืื (ื ืืื ืืณ:ืืณ) ื' ืืกืืคื ืืืฉืขืจื ืืจืื. ืืกืืคื ืื ืืฉื ืืืชืื (ืฉืืืช ืืณ:ืืณ) ืืชืฉื ืืกืืฃ. ืืืกืขืจื ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืื (ืืืืื ื ืืณ:ืืดื) ืืืขื ืืืืื ืืกืขืจื ืืฉืืืื ืข"ื. ืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื (ืืืื ืืณ:ืืดื) ืืืื ืฆืืชื ืืืจืฅ ืืฆืจืื ืืจืื ื ื ืคืืืืช ืืจืื ืื ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืจืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืฉืจืื ืชืืื ืืจืื ื ืขืื. ืืข"ื ืกืื ืื ืืื ืืกืจื ืืืคื ืขืืจื ืืื'. ืืืืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืจืืช ืืคืืจืืช ืืืจืืื ืืชืืืื, ืืืื ืื.
Devarim Rabbah at the end of the third section uses Exodus 34,1 where Gโd tells Moses to carve the second sets of tablets himself, the ones which Gโd in turn will inscribe with the Ten Commandments. Gโd said to Moses: โby your life, seeing you went to such lengths to secure a second set of tablets for the Jewish people in this life, when the time comes and I will send the prophet Elijah in advance of the Messiah, you too will reappear on earth.โ What proof do we have that the opinion cited by the Midrash is correct? We read in Nachum 1,3: โHe (Gโd) travels in ืืกืืคื, whirlwind, and storm.โ This is a reference to Moses of whom it is said ืืชืฉื ืืืชื ืืกืืฃ, โshe (his mother) placed him in the ืกืืฃ. Of Elijah we are told that ืืืขื ืืืืื ืืกืขืจื ืืฉืืื, โElijah ascended to heaven in a stormโ (Kings II 2,11)...
The Midrash refers to further repercussions in the distant future due to Yehudahโs conduct, citing the fact that the first Temple was built by Solomon a descendant of Yehudah whereas the second Temple was built by Zerubabel, also a descendant of Yehudah. (compare Chagai 2,23), Zecharyah 4,9 and Zecharyah 4,7) The third Temple which we hope will be built soon will be erected by the King Messiah, also of Davidโs i.e. Yehudahโs descent. We base this on Isaiah 11,10.
Aggadat Bereshit 45
ืคืจืง (ื"ื) [ื"ื] ืืชืืืื. [ื] ืฉืืจ ืืืขืืืช ืืฉื ืขืื ื [ืื ืืืจืื] (ืชืืืื ืงืื ื). ืืฉ"ื ืื ืืชื ืืจ ืืืืื ืืื' (ืืืจื' ื ื). ืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืช, ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ื ืืฉืืื ืขืืื ืืจืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื (ืืฉืขืื ื ื ืื). ืืจืื ืื ืืืจืื, ืืืชืื ืืจืืืชื ืืื ืืื' (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืื), ืื ืฉื ืื ืืฉื, ืืืชืื ืื ืชืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืงื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืง (ืืืืืจ ืื ืื), ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืช, ืืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืื (ืืืืงืื ื ืื). ืืื ืื ืืชื ืืจ ืืืืื [ืืคื ื ืืจืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ], ืืืจืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืขื (ืื ื) ืืืื ืื ื ืืกื ืื ื ืืืืฉืคื ืื ื ืืื' ืืืื ืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืื ื ืืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ื ืืฉื ื ืืืืืงืื ืืื' ืืื ื ืืืืืงืื ืืื ืื ืืื' ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืกืืจ ืฉืืืชืืื ืื ื ืืืืืืจื ืืคืืื ืืื' ืืื ื ืคืืืื ืืจืืืื ืืฉืืขื ืืื ืืจืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืื' ืืื ืื ื ืื ืคืืืื ืืืฉืขืื [ืืื'] ืืื ื (ืกืื ืื) [ืฉืื ืื] ืฉืืขืื ืืื' ืืื ื ืขืจืื ืืืืืขืื ื [ืืื' ืืื ื ืืืืืขืื ื] ืืืืืืื ืืืืืฉืื ืืคืืื ืืขืงืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืขื ื ื ืฉืืขื (ืื"ื ื ื ืขื ืื). ืืื ืฉืืขื, ืื ืฉืืชืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืงืื ืืช ืืื' ืฉืืขื ืืื (ืืืจื' ืฉื ื ื), ืืื ืื ืืชื ืืจ ืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืจืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ, ืืืชื ืฉืืชืื ืื ืืฉืคื ืืฆืืง ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืฉืืจ (ืืฉืขื' ืื ื). ืืืืฆืื ืืช ืืืื ืืจืืฉื (ืืืจื' ืฉื ื ื), ืฉื ืืืื ื ืืขืงื, ืฉื ื' ืืืฉืื ืืขืงื ืืืืงืจ ืืืงื ืืช ืืืื (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืื), ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืช ืขื ืื (ืืืืจื ืืืชืืืืจืช) [ืืชืืืจืช] ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื' (ืื ืืื ื ืื). ืืืืืื ืืื ืื, ืืจื ืืืจืื, ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ื ืืื [ืขื ืืืจืื ืจืืื ืืืฉืจ] (ืืฉืขื' ื ื ื), ืืืชื ืฉืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืฉื ืขืื ื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืืจื ืืขื ื' ืขืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ.
Chapter (44) 45: Writing [1] A song of ascents. I lift my eyes up to the mountains (Psalm 121:1). This verse is referring to "Who are you, O great mountain?" (Zechariah 4:7). This is the Messiah who is greater than the patriarchs, as it is said, "Behold, My servant will prosper, He will be high and lifted up and greatly exalted" (Isaiah 52:13). "High and lifted up" refers to Abraham, as it is written, "I have lifted up my hand" [edit. ืึฒืจึดืึนึจืชึดื ืึธืึดึคื "harimothi yadi"] (Genesis 14:22), "and greatly exalted" refers to Moses, as it is written, "Should you nurse it as a guardian carries a suckling, to the land which You swore to their fathers?" (Numbers 11:12). "And greater than the ministering angels" refers to the verse, "and their rims were lofty and awesome" (Ezekiel 1:18). Therefore, "Who are you, O great mountain?" [before Zerubbabel to the plain], and Zerubbabel is from whom? He is from David, as it is said, "and the son of Solomon, Rehoboam his son, Abijah his son, Asa his son, Jehoshaphat his son, Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son, Amaziah his son, Azariah his son, Jotham his son, Ahaz his son, Hezekiah his son, Manasseh his son, Amon his son, Josiah his son, and his sons were Johanan the firstborn, Jehoiakim, and so on, and the sons of Jehoiakim were Jeconiah and so on, and the sons of Jeconiah were Shealtiel, and so on, and the son of Shealtiel was Zerubbabel, and Shimei, and the son of Zerubbabel was Meshullam, and Hananiah, and Shelomith, and so on, and the son of Hananiah was Pelatiah, and Isaiah, and so on, and the sons of Shecaniah were Shemaiah, and so on, and the son of Neri was Elioenai, and so on, and the sons of Elioenai were Hodaviah, Eliashib, Pelaiah, Akkub, Johanan, and Delaiah, and Ananiโseven in all" (Ezra 3:8-9). What is "the seven," which is written in the Messiah, "Who despises the day of small things," etc. These seven (Zechariah 4:10), for which are you, the great mountain before Zerubbabel [edit. offspring of Babylon], to be made a plain, of whom it is written, "And he shall judge the poor in righteousness, and reprove with equity for the meek of the earth" (Isaiah 11:4). And he brought forth the headstone (Zechariah 4:7) of our father Jacob, as it is said, "And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone" (Genesis 28:18). And similarly, Daniel says, "I was watching until a stone was cut out without hands" (Daniel 2:34). And from where does it come? Through the mountains, as it is said, "How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that brings good tidings" (Isaiah 52:7). At that time, Israel looks and says, "I will lift up my eyes to the mountains, from where shall my help come? My help comes from the Lord, who made heaven and earth" (Psalm 121:1-2).
Midrash Tanchuma, Toldot 14
โืฉืึดืืจ ืึทืึผึทืขึฒืืึนืช ืึถืฉึผืึธื ืขึตืื ึทื ืึถื ืึถืึธืจึดืื ืึฐืืึน' (ืชืืืื ืงืื, ื). ืึถื ืฉืึถืึธืึทืจ ืึทืึผึธืชืึผื: ืึดื ืึทืชึผึธื ืึทืจ ืึทืึผึธืืึนื ืึดืคึฐื ึตื ืึฐืจึปืึผึธืึถื ืึฐืึดืืฉืึนืจ (ืืืจืื ื, ื), ืึถื ืึธืฉืึดืืึท ืึผึถื ืึผึธืึดื. ืึฐืึธืึผึธื ื ึดืงึฐืจึธื ืฉืึฐืืึน ืึทืจ ืึทืึผึธืืึนื. ืฉืึถืืึผื ืึธืืึนื ืึดื ืึธืึธืืึนืช, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึดื ึผึตื ืึทืฉืึฐืึผึดืื ืขึทืึฐืึผึดื ืึธืจืึผื ืึฐื ึดืฉึผืึธื ืึฐืึธืึทืึผ ืึฐืึนื (ืืฉืขืื ื ื, ืื). ืึธืจืึผื ืึตืึทืึฐืจึธืึธื, ืึฐื ึดืฉึผืึธื ืึดืึผึดืฆึฐืึธืง, ืึฐืึธืึทืึผ ืึดืึผึทืขึฒืงึนื. ืึธืจืึผื ืึตืึทืึฐืจึธืึธื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึฒืจึดืึนืชึดื ืึธืึดื ืึถื ื' (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื, ืื). ืึฐื ึดืฉึผืึธื ืึดืึผึนืฉืึถื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึผึดื ืชึนืืึทืจ ืึตืึทื ืฉืึธืึตืืึผ ืึฐืึตืืงึถืึธ (ืืืืืจ ืื, ืื). ืึฐืึธืึทืึผ ืึดืึผึทืึฐืึฒืึตื ืึทืฉึผืึธืจึตืช, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึฐืึทืึผึนืชึถื ืึฐืึตืึนืช ืขึตืื ึทืึดื (ืืืืงืื ื, ืื). ืึฐืึธืึฐ ื ึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึดื ืึทืชึผึธื ืึทืจ ืึทืึผึธืืึนื.
A song of ascents. I will lift up mine eyes to the mountains (Ps. 121:1). Scripture alludes here to the verse Who art thou, O great mountain before. Zerubbabel? Thou shalt become a plain (Zech. 4:7). This verse refers to the Messiah, the descendant of David. Why was he called a great mountain? Because he will be greater than the patriarchs, as is said: Behold, My servant shall prosper, he shall be exalted and lifted up, and shall be very high (Isa. 52:13). He shall be exalted above Abraham; lifted up above Isaac; and shall be very high above Jacob. He shall be exalted above Abraham, concerning whom it is said: I have lifted up my hand unto the Lord (Gen. 14:22); lifted up above Moses, of whom it is said: That thou shouldst say unto me: Carry them in thy bosom (Num. 11:12); and shall be very high like the ministering angels, concerning whom it is said: As for their wings, they were high (Ezek. 1:18). Hence Scripture says: Who art thou, O great mountain?
ืึผืึดืึผึดื ืืึผื ืืึนืฆึตื, ืึดืึผึฐืจึปืึผึธืึถื. ืึฐืึธืึผึธื ื ึดืงึฐืจึธื ืฉืึฐืืึน ืึฐืจึปืึผึธืึถื, ืึดืคึผึฐื ึตื ืฉืึถื ึผืึนืึทื ืึผึฐืึธืึถื. ืึผืึดื ืืึผื ืึดืึผึธืึดื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึผืึถื ืฉืึฐืึนืึนื ืจึฐืึทืึฐืขึธื, ืึฒืึดืึผึธื ืึฐื ืึน ืึฐืืึน', ืขึทื ืึผืึฐืึธืึธื ืึทืขึฒื ึธื ึดื ืฉืึดืึฐืขึธื (ืืืดโื ื, ื-ืื). ืึผืึทืืึผ ืขึฒื ึธื ึดื, ืึถื ืึธืฉืึดืืึท. ืึผึดื ืึดื ืึทื ืึฐืืึนื ืงึฐืึทื ึผืึนืช ืฉืึดืึฐืขึธื ืึตืึผึถื (ืืืจืื ื, ื). ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึธืึตื ืึฒืึตืืช ืึผึฐืึถืึฐืึตื ืึตืืึฐืึธื ืึทืึฒืจืึผ ืขึดื ืขึฒื ึธื ึตื ืฉืึฐืึทืึผึธื ืึผึฐืึทืจ ืึฑื ึธืฉื ืึธืชึตื ืึฒืึธื (ืื ืืื ื, ืื).
From whom will the Messiah descend? From Zerubbabel. Why was he called Zerubbabel? Because he was born in Babel (Babylonia). From whom did Zerubbabel descend? From David, as it is said: And Solomonโs son was Rehoboam; Abijah his son โฆ and Delaiah, and Anani, seven (I Chron. 3:10โ24). To whom does Anani refer? To the Messiah, as is said: For who hath despised the day of small things? Even they shall see with joy the plummet in the hand of Zerubbabel, even these seven (Zech. 4:10). And it is written elsewhere: I saw in the night visions, and, behold, there came with clouds (ananei) of heaven, one like unto a son of man (Dan. 7:13).
ืึทืขึฒื ึธื ึดื ืฉืึดืึฐืขึธื, ืึทืืึผ ืฉืึดืึฐืขึธื. ืึทื ืฉึผืึถืึผึธืชืึผื ืึผึฐืึถืึถืึฐ ืึทืึผึธืฉืึดืืึท, ืึผึดื ืึดื ืึทื ืึฐืืึนื ืงึฐืึทื ึผืึนืช ืฉืึดืึฐืขึธื ืึตืึผึถื. ืึฐืึธืึฐ ื ึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึดื ืึทืชึผึธื ืึทืจ ืึทืึผึธืืึนื, ืึถื ืฉืึถืึผึธืชืึผื ืึผืึน, ืึฐืฉืึธืคึทื ืึผึฐืฆึถืึถืง ืึผึทืึผึดืื ืึฐืืึน' (ืืฉืขืื ืื, ื). ืึฐืืึนืฆึดืื ืึถืช ืึธืึถืึถื ืึธืจึนืืฉืึธื ืึฐืืึน' (ืืืจืื ื, ื), ืึทื ืึผึฐืชึดืื ืึทืึฒืจึธืื, ืึผึตืืึทืึดื ืึผึธืงืึผ ืึทืึฒืึธื ืึฐืืึน', ืึผืึฐืชึดืื: ืึฐืึทืึฐื ึธื ืึผึดื ืึฐืึธืช ืึฐืฆึทืึฐืึธื ืึฒืึทืช ืึฐืืึผืจ ืจึทื ืึผืึฐืึธืืช ืึผึธื ืึทืจึฐืขึธื (ืื ืืื ื, ืื). ืึฐืึธืึฐ ื ึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึดื ืึทืชึผึธื ืึทืจ ืึทืึผึธืืึนื. ืึฐืึตืืึธื ืืึผื ืึธื, ืึผึถืจึถืึฐ ืึถืึธืจึดืื, ืฉืึถื ึผึถืึฑืึทืจ: ืึทื ื ึผึธืืืึผ ืขึทื ืึถืึธืจึดืื ืจึทืึฐืึตื ืึฐืึทืฉึผืึตืจ ืึฐืืึน' (ืืฉืขืื ื ื, ื). ืึผึฐืืึนืชึธืึผ ืฉืึธืขึธื ืึดืึฐืืึผ ืึดืฉืึฐืจึธืึตื ืึดืกึฐืชึผึทืึผึฐืึดืื ืึฐืืึนืึฐืจึดืื: ืึถืฉึผืึธื ืขึตืื ึทื ืึถื ืึถืึธืจึดืื ืึตืึทืึดื ืึธืึนื ืขึถืึฐืจึดื, ืขึถืึฐืจึดื ืึตืขึดื ื' ืขึนืฉืึตื ืฉืึธืึทืึดื ืึธืึธืจึถืฅ (ืชืืืื ืงืื, ื). ืึธืึตื ืึผึตื ืึฐืึดื ืจึธืฆืึนื.
Even these seven. What is indicated by the phrase even these seven? The word seven is explained by what is written concerning the King Messiah: Who hath despised the day of small things? โฆ even these seven (Zech. 4:10). That is why it is said: Who art thou, O great mountain. Scripture states elsewhere concerning him: But with righteousness shall he judge the poor (Isa. 11:4), and he shall bring forth the top stone with shoutings of โGrace, grace, unto itโ (Zech. 4:7). After that it is written: And then was the iron, the clay, the brass โฆ broken in pieces together โฆ and the stone that smote the image became a great mountain, and filled the whole earth (Dan. 2:35). Thus it is said: Who art thou, O great mountain? From whence shall he come? He shall come by way of the mountain path, as is said: How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of the messenger of good tidings (Isa. 52:7). At that time, Israel will look upwards and say: I will life up mine eyes unto the mountains: From whence shall my help come? My help cometh from the Lord, who made heaven and earth (Ps. 121:1). Amen, and so may it be.
Tze'enah Ure'enah, Haftarot, Beha'alotcha
โBeautiful, Beautifulโ [4:7]. Just like many people shouted and roared, โbeautiful, beautiful,โ when the first stone was laid, and the Blessed Lord gave it beauty. So too will it be with the building of the whole Temple. *Radak, Zechariah, 4:7.
The Talmud writes in [tractate] Berakhot, concerning the verse, โthe Lord said to the Accuserโ [3:2]. Rabbi Joshua the son of Levi said: The Angel of Death told me that you should not stand in front of the women when they walk past a deceased person. That is to say, when they are leaving the cemetery, since I, the Angel of Death, dance and jump before the women and I have permission to kill and harm anyone I encounter. If someone does encounter him, they should say, โThe Lord said to the Accuser, the Lord rebuke youโ [3:2]. *B. Berakhot, 51a.
The Talmud writes all this and the Angel of Death dances before the women, for if the women had not sinned through Eve, people would have lived forever. The Angel of Death would not have been able to kill people and he would not have had his work. That is why he dances before the women when there is a corpse.
The Pardes Rimmonim writes that women used to cry very quickly in the presence of a corpse. The women had red faces from crying. When the men would walk near them and see the womenโs red faces, the Evil Inclination would jump on the men and incite them to have thoughts about the women. *I could not find the source in the Pardes Rimmonim, but the earlier source is Zohar, II: 196ab.
Our sages said that the Angel of Death is also the Evil Inclination. *B. Baba Bathra, 16a.
However, when the Messiah will come, the Angel of Death will be destroyed, as Scripture says, โHe will destroy death foreverโ [Isaiah, 25:8].
Further Reading
Answering Islam โ Sam Shamoun Theology Newsletter
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