PS. 2:7 & ETERNAL GENERATION PT. 1
In this post I am going to examine the [N]ew [T]estament use of Psalm 2:7 in respect to the eternal begetting/generation of the Son. I will provide some of the exegetical reasons why so many of the early church fathers/writers saw this as an [O]ld [T]estament prooftext for the Son’s eternal generation from the Father, a generation that is beyond time and unlike the way finite, temporal creatures beget or generate.
I quote the entirety of the second Psalm in order to get the context:
“Why do the nations gather together? Why do their people devise useless plots? Kings take their stands. Rulers make plans together against Yahweh and against his Mashiach [‘anointed one’] by saying, ‘Let’s break apart their chains and shake off their ropes.’ The one enthroned in heaven laughs. Adonay makes fun of them. Then he speaks to them in his anger. In his burning anger he terrifies them by saying, ‘I have installed my own king on Zion, my holy mountain.’ I will announce Yahweh’s decree. He said to me: ‘You are my Son. Today I have become your Father (yelidtika). Ask me, and I will give you the nations as your inheritance and the ends of the earth as your own possession. You will break them with an iron scepter. You will smash them to pieces like pottery.’ Now, you kings, act wisely. Be warned, you rulers of the earth! Serve Yahweh with fear, and rejoice with trembling. Kiss the Son (nashqu bar), or he will become angry and you will die on your way because his anger will burst into flames. Blessed is everyone who takes refuge in him.”
Psalm 2:1-12 Names of God Bible (NOG)
And here is an English rendering of the Greek version of the specific verses that are relevant to my discussion:
“But I was established king by him, on Sion, his holy mountain, by proclaiming the Lord’s ordinance: The Lord said to me, ‘My son you are; TODAY I have begotten you (ego semeron gegenneka se). Ask of me, and I will give you nations as your heritage, and as your possession the ends of the earth. You shall shepherd them with an iron rod; like a potter’s vessel you will shatter them.’”
Psalm 2:7-9 (Psalms (and Prayer of Manasses),”, translated by Albert Pietersma, A New English Translation of the Septuagint, published by Oxford University Press in 2009, including corrections and emendations made in the second printing (2009) and corrections and emendations made in June 2014, p. 548; emphasis mine)
It is apparent that this is a coronation Psalm, which celebrates the inauguration of the Davidic King as he reigns from Zion. It is on this particular day that the Davidide becomes God’s Royal or Messianic Son, whereby God becomes a Father to his anointed One, thereby assuring him that he would drive out his enemies from before him provided he maintains covenant faithfulness (Cf. 1 Chron. 28:4-7; Ps. 89:19-37).
NT APPLICATION
The inspired Christian writings apply this prophecy to the Son after having become incarnate from the holy Virgin so as to become a physical descendant of David. Once the Son was made the physical seed of David, he then became qualified to fulfill the promise which Psalm 2 makes in respect to the Davidic King. And yet it wasn’t until his resurrection and physical ascension into heavenly Zion did the Son then begin his rule as the Messianic Son of God:
“In the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a city of Galilee named Nazareth, to a virgin betrothed to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David. And the virgin’s name was Mary. The angel came to her and said, ‘Greetings, you who are highly favored. The Lord is with you. Blessed are you among women.’ When she saw him, she was troubled by his words, and considered in her mind what kind of greeting this might be. But the angel said to her, ‘Do not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God. Listen, you will conceive in your womb and bear a Son and shall call His name JESUS. He will be great, and will be called the Son of the Highest. And the Lord God will give Him the throne of His father David, 33 and He will reign over the house of Jacob forever. And of His kingdom there will be no end.’ Then Mary said to the angel, ‘How can this be, since I do not know a man?’ The angel answered her, “The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Highest will overshadow you. Therefore the Holy One who will be born will be called the Son of God.’”
Luke 1:26-35
“Brothers, I may speak confidently to you concerning the patriarch David, that he both died and was buried, and his tomb is with us to this day. But being a prophet, and knowing that God had sworn with an oath to him, that of his seed according to the flesh, He would raise up the Christ to sit on his throne, he foresaw this and spoke concerning the resurrection of the Christ, that His soul was not abandoned to Hades, nor did His flesh see corruption. God raised up this Jesus, of which we all are witnesses. Therefore being exalted to the right hand of God, and having received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit, He has poured out this which you now see and hear. For David has not ascended to the heavens, yet he says: ‘The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at My right hand, Until I make Your enemies Your footstool.”’ Therefore, let all the house of Israel assuredly know that God has made this Jesus, whom you have crucified, both Lord and Christ.’”
Acts 2:29-36
“And when He had removed him, He raised up for them David as king, to whom also He gave testimony and said, ‘I have found David the son of Jesse, a man after My own heart, who will do all My Will.’ From this man’s seed, according to the promise, God raised up for Israel a Savior—Jesus—… And we declare to you glad tidings—that promise which was made to the fathers. God has fulfilled this for us their children, in that He has raised up Jesus. As it is also written in the second Psalm: ‘You are My Son, TODAY I have begotten You (ego semeron gegenneka se).’”
Acts 13:22-23, 32-33 New King James Version (NKJV)
“concerning His Son, Jesus Christ our Lord, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh and declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead.”
Romans 1:3-4
“Remember Jesus Christ, raised from the dead, descended from David, according to my gospel,”
2 Timothy 2:8
“For to which of the angels did He ever say: ‘You are My Son, TODAY I have begotten You (ego semeron gegenneka se)’? And again: ‘I will be to Him a Father, And He shall be to Me a Son’?”
Hebrews 1:3-5 NKJV
“who being the brightness of His glory and the express image of His person, and upholding all things by the word of His power, when He had by Himself purged our sins, sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high, having become so much better than the angels, as He has by inheritance obtained a more excellent name than they. So also Christ did not glorify Himself to become High Priest, but it was He who said to Him: ‘You are My Son, TODAY I have begotten You (ego semeron gegenneka se).’”
Hebrews 5:5 NKJV
“But you have come to Mount Zion and to the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels; to the general assembly and church of the firstborn, who are enrolled in heaven; to God, the Judge of all; and to the spirits of the righteous ones made perfect; and to Jesus, the Mediator of a new covenant; and to the sprinkled blood that speaks better than that of Abel.”
Hebrews 12:22-24
“Then one of the elders said to me, “Do not weep. Look! The Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has triumphed. He is able to open the scroll and to loose its seven seals.”
Revelation 5:5
“I, Jesus, have sent My angel to you with this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, the Bright and Morning Star.”
Revelation 22:16
The rest of the NT describes Christ gradually fulfilling Psalm 2 by the expansion of his earthly kingdom, the Church, whereby he brings the nations into union with himself. The risen Jesus will continue to do so until he physically returns in great power and glory to fully implement his dominion on earth, and also unleash his wrath and destruction upon all those who refused to submit to his rule:
“Then the kings of the earth and the great men and the rich men and the commanding officers and the strong and everyone, slave and free, hid themselves in the caves and in the rocks of the mountains. They said to the mountains and rocks, ‘Fall on us, and hide us from the face of Him who sits on the throne, and from the wrath of the Lamb, for the great day of His wrath has come. Who is able to withstand it?’”
Revelation 6:15-17
“A great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars. She was with child and cried out in labor and in pain to give birth. Then another sign appeared in heaven: There was a great red dragon with seven heads and ten horns, and seven diadems on his heads. His tail drew a third of the stars of heaven, and threw them to the earth. The dragon stood before the woman who was ready to give birth, to devour her Child as soon as He was born. She gave birth to a male Child, ‘who was to rule all nations with an iron scepter.’ And her Child was caught up to God and to His throne… Then I heard a loud voice in heaven, saying: ‘Now the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God and the authority of His Christ have come, for the accuser of our brothers, who accused them before our God day and night, has been cast down.’”
Revelation 12:1-5, 10
“I saw heaven opened. And there was a white horse. He who sat on it is called Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges and wages war. His eyes are like a flame of fire, and on His head are many crowns. He has a name written, that no one knows but He Himself. He is clothed with a robe dipped in blood. His name is called The Word of God. The armies in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, followed Him on white horses. Out of His mouth proceeds a sharp sword, with which He may strike the nations. ‘He shall rule them with an iron scepter.’ He treads the winepress of the fury and wrath of God the Almighty. On His robe and on His thigh He has a name written: KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS.”
Revelation 19:11-16
This means that, as far as texts such as Acts 13:32-33 and Heb. 1:3-5 are concerned, the “today” of Ps. 2:7 in which Jesus became God’s Son as the day of his physical return into heaven to sit enthroned at the right hand of God the Father. It was at that event in heaven that God made Jesus his royal, Messianic, Davidic Son. And yet this seems to place Christians in a dilemma since believers in the early centuries took the “today” of the Psalter as referencing the Son’s eternal generation by the Father, not to a specific moment in time.
CHRIST: THE UNCREATED SON OF GOD
Now before addressing this tension between the NT application of Psalm 2:7 with the early Church’s interpretation, I first want to establish from the Scriptures that Christ as God’s divine Son has existed from before all of creation. I will show from these same God-breathed writings that the preexistent Son is the Agent by whom God created the ages, or all the periods of time, and that it is the Son who personally sustains all creation by his powerful command.
Note, for example, the following citations:
“He has delivered us from the power of darkness and has transferred us into the kingdom of His dear Son, in whom we have redemption through His blood, the forgiveness of sins. He is the image of the invisible God and the firstborn of every creature. For by Him all things were created that are in heaven and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they are thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers. All things were created by Him and for Him. He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together.”
Colossians 1:13-17
“God, having spoken many times and in many ways in time past unto the fathers by the prophets, has in these last times spoken unto us by his Son, whom he has appointed heir of all things, by whom also he made the ages; who being the brightness of his glory and the express image of his substance and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself purged our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high… And again, when he brought in the firstbegotten into the world, he said, And let all the angels of God worship him.”
Hebrews 1:1-3, 6 Jubilee Bible 2000
Christ, as the preincarnate Son, does what the OT writings ascribe YHVH doing, i.e., creating and personally sustaining all creation:
“You alone are the Lord. You have made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth and all that is on it, the seas and all that is in them; and You preserve them all. And the host of heaven worships You.”
Nehemiah 9:6
“Thus says the Lord, your Redeemer, and He who formed you from the womb: I am the Lord who makes all things, who stretches out the heavens alone, who spreads abroad the earth by Myself,”
Isaiah 44:24
“Because of him each of his messengers succeeds, and by his word all things hold together.”
Sirach 43:26 New Revised Standard Version (NRSV)
Remarkably, the inspired writer applies a specific term to the Son that is only found in one other passage:
“He is the brightness (apaugasma) of His glory, the express image of Himself, and upholds all things by the word of His power…”
Hebrews 1:3
The above Greek word for “brightness” is elsewhere used to describe God’s uncreated and eternally begotten Wisdom being the reflection of God’s eternal light:
“I learned both what is secret and what is manifest, for wisdom, the fashioner of all things, taught me. There is in her a spirit that is intelligent, holy, unique (monogenes), manifold, subtle, mobile, clear, unpolluted, distinct, invulnerable, loving the good, keen, irresistible, beneficent, humane, steadfast, sure, free from anxiety, all-powerful, overseeing all, and penetrating through all spirits that are intelligent, pure, and altogether subtle. For wisdom is more mobile than any motion; because of her pureness she pervades and penetrates all things. For she is a breath of the power of God, and a pure emanation of the glory of the Almighty; therefore nothing defiled gains entrance into her. For she is a reflection (apaugasma) of eternal light, a spotless mirror of the working of God, and an image (eikon) of his goodness. Although she is but one, she can do all things, and while remaining in herself, she renews all things; in every generation she passes into holy souls and makes them friends of God, and prophets; for God loves nothing so much as the person who lives with wisdom. She is more beautiful than the sun, and excels every constellation of the stars. Compared with the light she is found to be superior, for it is succeeded by the night, but against wisdom evil does not prevail.”
Wisdom of Solomon 7:21-30 NRSV
In the aforementioned passage, Wisdom is even said to be both monogenes and the eikon (“image”) of God’s goodness, terms that the NT use for Jesus Christ:
“For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten (ton monogene) Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish, but have eternal life… He who believes in Him is not condemned. But he who does not believe is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten (tou monogenous) Son of God.”
John 3:16, 18 – Cf. 1:14, 18; 1 John 4:9
“The god of this world has blinded the minds of those who do not believe, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine on them. For we do not preach ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord, and ourselves your servants for Jesus’ sake. For God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.”
2 Corinthians 4:4-6 – Cf. Col. 1:15
The canonical OT writings also equate God’s Wisdom with his Almighty Word that sits enthroned with him:
“O God of my ancestors and Lord of mercy, who have made all things by your word, and by your wisdom have formed humankind to have dominion over the creatures you have made, and rule the world in holiness and righteousness, and pronounce judgment in uprightness of soul, give me the wisdom that sits by your throne, and do not reject me from among your servants.”
Wisdom 9:1-3 NRSV
“For though they had disbelieved everything because of their magic arts, yet, when their firstborn were destroyed, they acknowledged your people to be God’s child. For while gentle silence enveloped all things, and night in its swift course was now half gone, your all-powerful word leaped from heaven, from the royal throne, into the midst of the land that was doomed, a stern warrior carrying the sharp sword of your authentic command, and stood and filled all things with death, and touched heaven while standing on the earth.”
Wisdom 18:13-16 NRSV
Remarkably, the Christian Scriptures describe Christ as the Wisdom/Word of God that became flesh. And as that very uncreated Word, Jesus is seated on God’s throne and was the One that God appointed to bring all creation into being:
“In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things were created through Him, and without Him nothing was created that was created. In Him was life, and the life was the light of mankind… The true Light, which enlightens everyone, was coming into the world. He was in the world, and the world was created through Him, yet the world did not know Him… The Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we saw His glory, the glory as the only Son of the Father, full of grace and truth.”
John 1:1-4, 9-10, 14 – Cf. 8:12; 9:4-5; 12:35-36, 46
“But we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to the Jews and foolishness to the Greeks. But to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, we preach Christ as the power of God and the wisdom of God… But because of Him you are in Christ Jesus, whom God made unto us wisdom, righteousness, sanctification, and redemption.”
1 Corinthians 1:23-24, 30
“That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have touched, concerning the Word of life—the life was revealed, and we have seen it and testify to it, and announce to you the eternal life, which was with the Father and was revealed to us—we declare to you that which we have seen and heard, that you also may have fellowship with us. And our fellowship is with the Father and with His Son Jesus Christ.”
1 John 1:1-3
“To him who overcomes will I grant to sit with Me on My throne, as I also overcame and sat down with My Father on His throne.”
Revelation 3:21
“I saw heaven opened. And there was a white horse. He who sat on it is called Faithful and True, and in righteousness He judges and wages war. His eyes are like a flame of fire, and on His head are many crowns. He has a name written, that no one knows but He Himself. He is clothed with a robe dipped in blood. His name is called The Word of God. The armies in heaven, clothed in fine linen, white and clean, followed Him on white horses. Out of His mouth proceeds a sharp sword, with which He may strike the nations. ‘He shall rule them with an iron scepter.’ He treads the winepress of the fury and wrath of God the Almighty. On His robe and on His thigh He has a name written: KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS.”
Revelation 19:11-16 – Cf. 1:16; 2:12, 16; 19:21
It is, therefore, obvious that as far as the inspired biblical witness is concerned, Jesus Christ is the uncreated Son of God who became a human being at a specific moment in time.
With the foregoing in view I am now ready to move on to address the tension between the early Christian writers’ exegesis of Psalm 2:7 with that of the inspired NT: PS. 2:7 & ETERNAL GENERATION PT. 2.